Menstrual Duration and Pad Replacement Frequency Predict Anemia Risk in Adolescent Girls: A Multivariate Cross-Sectional Analysis
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.62255/mjhp.v4iSuppl%201.335Abstract
Background: Anemia affects over 500 million adolescent girls globally, with menstruation representing a modifiable contributor to iron depletion. Despite the biological plausibility linking menstrual bleeding patterns to hemoglobin status, evidence integrating multiple menstrual characteristics within multivariate predictive frameworks remains scarce, particularly in community-based populations of low- and middle-income countries
Objective: To examine the independent associations between menstrual characteristics and anemia risk among adolescent girls, controlling for nutritional and sociodemographic confounders.
Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 75 adolescent girls in Ganjaran Village, Malang, Indonesia, following STROBE guidelines. Hemoglobin levels were measured via digital hemoglobinometry, and menstrual characteristics were assessed through structured questionnaires. Bivariate associations were evaluated using Spearman's correlation and independent t-tests, while multivariate logistic regression was applied to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for anemia (Hb < 12 g/dL).
Results: The prevalence of anemia was 57.3%. Menstrual duration >7 days (aOR = 6.42, 95% CI: 1.85–22.31, p = 0.003), sanitary pad replacement >5 times/day (aOR = 4.18, 95% CI: 1.32–13.26, p = 0.015), and irregular menstrual cycles (aOR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.08–8.02, p = 0.035) were independent predictors of anemia. Low dietary iron intake and non-adherence to iron supplementation further amplified risk.
Conclusion: Menstrual bleeding patterns, particularly duration and frequency of pad replacement, independently predict anemia risk beyond nutritional factors. Integrating menstrual history into adolescent anemia screening programs may enable earlier identification of at-risk populations.
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